The 2023 Household Energy Consumption Survey

Tanzania, 2024

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Reference ID

TZA-NBS-HECS-2023-v01

Producer(s)

National Bureau of Statistics

Metadata

DDI/XML JSON

Created on

Nov 12, 2025

Last modified

Nov 12, 2025

Page views

6327

Downloads

3069

Identification

Survey ID number

TZA-NBS-HECS-2023-v01

Title

The 2023 Household Energy Consumption Survey

Abbreviation or Acronym

HECS 2023

Country

Name	Country code
TANZANIA MAINLAND	TZA MAINLAND

Study type

Other Household Survey [hh/oth]

Series Information

Round 1

Abstract

The 2023 Household Energy Consumption Survey (HECS) was the first of its kind conducted in Mainland Tanzania. The National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) and the Ministry of Energy, with support from Expertise France and financial assistance from the European Union. Survey findings provide a comprehensive overview of household energy consumption. It was designed to inform policy aligned with Tanzania's Development Vision 2025 and the Sustainable Development Goal 7, which focuses on ensuring access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all.

The main objectives of the survey were to assess the types and quantities of energy used by households for cooking, lighting, heating, and other household activities; evaluate access to and adoption of modern energy sources such as electricity, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), and solar energy; identify affordability issues, regional disparities, and barriers to clean energy adoption; and offer data driven recommendations to support sustainable energy policy and planning.

Kind of Data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Unit of Analysis

Household

Version

Version Description

Anonymous dataset for public distribution.

Version Date

2025-09-01

Scope

Notes

The scope of the Household Consumption Survey includes the following sections;
HOUSEHOLD MEMBERS, EDUCATION, BUSINESS OPERATION, ELECTRICITY, COOKING, WATER HEATING, SPACE HEATING, LIGHTING, QANTITY USED AND RELATED EXPENDITURES, PRIVATELY OWNED VEHICLES AND BUSINESS RELATED CONSUMPTION FOR BUSINESSES REPORTED IN SECTION 1 (EXCEPT CHARCOAL PRODUCTION),

Keywords

ENERGY

Coverage

Geographic Coverage

National coverage

Producers and sponsors

Primary investigators

Name	Affiliation
National Bureau of Statistics	Ministry of Finance

Producers

Name	Role
Ministry of Energy	Technical Assistance
Expertise France	Technical Assistance

Funding Agency/Sponsor

Name	Abbreviation	Role
European Union	EU	Finacial Assistance

Sampling

Sampling Procedure

SURVEY SCOPE AND COVERAGE
The survey covered scientifically selected households across all regions in Mainland Tanzania, including both rural and urban areas, to capture diverse energy consumption patterns. The survey examines all energy sources used by households, including solid biofuels (fuelwood, charcoal), electricity (grid connected and off-grid including solar PV and mini-hydro), liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), kerosene, biogas, and other sources that see minimal use.

SAMPLE DESIGN
The HECS used a cross-sectional design, collecting data from a nationally representative sample of households at a single point in time. The survey was designed to capture variations in household energy consumption across different geographic areas (urban vs. rural), socio-economic groups, and regions. The domains cover 26 regions, which are Dodoma, Arusha, Kilimanjaro, Tanga, Morogoro, Pwani, Dar es Salaam, Lindi, Mtwara, Ruvuma, Iringa, Mbeya, Singida, Tabora, Rukwa, Kigoma, Shinyanga, Kagera, Mwanza, Mara, Manyara, Njombe, Katavi, Simiyu, Geita, and Songwe.

SAMPLING FRAMEWORK
A stratified two-stage sampling technique was applied. In the first stage, 845 Enumeration Areas (EAs) were systematically selected with probability proportional to size (PPS) from the national sampling frame based on the 2022 Population and Housing Census, ensuring both rural and urban areas were represented. In the second stage, a fixed number of 15 households were systematically selected within each EA to participate in the survey.

SAMPLE SIZE
The total sample size was calculated considering precision requirements of the estimates within each domain. The reference variables used to calculate the sample size were households connected to electricity as collected in the 2019/20 Energy Access and Use Situation Survey II. The total number of EAs selected were 845, resulting in 12,675 households. The sample size was determined to provide reliable estimates at the national and urban/rural levels, and to allow disaggregation by key demographic and socio-economic variables

Survey instrument

Questionnaires

The household questionnaire collects all possible information at the household level. Identification Particulars. Household member's demographic, Business operations, Electricity, Cooking, Water heating , Space heating, Lighting, Privately owned vehicle and Consumption.

Data collection

Dates of Data Collection

Start	End
2024-07-29	2024-09-09

Data Collection Mode

Computer Assisted Personal Interview [capi]

Data Collectors

Name	Affiliation	Abbreviation
National Bureau of Statistics	Ministry of Finance	NBS

Supervision

To ensure data quality, several measures were implemented:
- Field supervision and spot checks;

Data Collection Notes

To collect reliable data on fuelwood and charcoal use for cooking, water heating and space heating, the enumerators had been equipped with scales to weigh the amount of wood and charcoal used for one respective activity – cooking one meal a day.

Data processing

Data Editing

- Real-time data validation through CAPI; and
- Daily review and feedback mechanisms.

Access policy

Confidentiality

Is signing of a confidentiality declaration required?	Confidentiality declaration text
yes	Confidentiality of respondents is guaranteed by The Statistics Act, [Cap 351 R.E 2019] Before being granted access to the dataset, all users have formally agreed: 1. All identifying information such as the name and address of respondent has been removed; 2. The information is disclosed in a manner that is not likely to enable the identification of the particular person or undertaking or business to which it relates. 3. Not attempt to identify any particular person or undertaking or business; 4. Use of information for research or statistically purpose only; 5. Not to disclose the information to any other person, organization 6. When required by the Director General, return all documents made available to him to the Director General; 7. Comply with the directions given by the Director General relating to the records. 8. Every person involved in the research or statistical project for which information is disclosed pursuant to this section shall make the declaration of secrecy set out in the first schedule.

Access conditions

Tanzania NBS considered three levels of accessibility:

1) Public use files, accessible by all
2) Licensed datasets, accessible under certain conditions
3) Datasets only accessible on location, for certain datasets

The dataset has been anonymized and available as a public use dataset. It accessible to all for statistical and research purposes only, under the following terms and conditions:

1. The data and other material will not be redistributed or sold to other individuals, institutions, or organization without the written agreement of the Tanzania National Bureau of Statistics.

2. The data will be used for statistical and scientific research purposes only. They will be used solely for reporting of aggregated information, and not for investigation of specific individuals or organizations.

3. No attempt will be made to produce links among dataset provided by the National Bureau of Statistics, or among data from the (National Bureau of Statistics) and other datasets that could identify individuals or organizations.

4. No attempt will be made to re-identify respondents, and no use will be made of the identify of any person or establishment discovered inadvertently. Any such discovery would immediately be reported to the National Bureau of Statistics.

5. Any books, articles, conference papers, theses, dissertations, reports, or other publications that employ data obtained from the National Bureau of Statistics will cite the source of data in accordance with the Citation Requirement provided with each dataset.

Citation requirements

National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) [Tanzania]. 2023/24.The 2023 Household Energy Consumption Survey (HECS) - Dodoma, Tanzania: NBS.

Access authority

Name	Affiliation	URL	Email
National Bureau of Statistics	Ministraty of Finance		sg@nbs.go.tz

Disclaimer and copyrights

Disclaimer

"The user of the data should acknowledge that, Tanzania National Bureau of Statistics is the original collector of the data, the authorized distributor the data, and the relevant funding agency bear no responsibility for use of the data or for interpretations or inferences without a written agreement from the National Bureau of Statistics".

Contacts

Name	Affiliation	Email	URL
Statistician General	National Bureau of Statistics	sg@nbs.go.tz

Metadata production

DDI Document ID

TZA-NBS-HECS2023-v1

Producers

Name	Abbreviation	Affiliation	Role
National Bureau of Statistics	NBS	Ministry of Finance	Study documentation

Date of Metadata Production

2025-11-01

Metadata version

DDI Document version

version 1.0

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